Bipolar disorder is a complex condition with several types, including Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2.
Despite its complexities, it is important to remember that each person's experience with bipolar disorder is unique. Symptoms can range from feeling highly energised and motivated to feeling irritable and angry.
Learn more about our psychiatric assessments for identifying bipolar disorder, and more about how our talking therapy services may help.
Table of contents
- Bipolar 1 disorder
- The types of episodes associated with Bipolar 1 disorder
- Bipolar 2 disorder
- Substance/medication-induced bipolar disorder
- How is bipolar disorder managed?
- Things you can do to help with bipolar disorder
- Looking for support with bipolar disorder?
Bipolar 1 disorder
The clearest characteristic of Bipolar 1 disorder is significant mood swings, which can involve periods of elation and low moods, including depression.
Bipolar 1 is also characterised by full manic episodes, defined as a period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least one week, accompanied by increased energy and activity. A manic episode may also include:
- high self-esteem
- little need for sleep
- fast speech
- racing thoughts
- easy distractibility
In addition to manic episodes, people with Bipolar 1 can also experience major depressive episodes.
A major depressive episode is a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure, as well as four or more additional symptoms, during the same two-week period. These symptoms may include weight changes, slowed thoughts and movement, fatigue, worthlessness or guilt, difficulty thinking or making decisions, suicidal thoughts, or changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or hypersomnia).
The types of episodes associated with Bipolar 1 disorder
When a person experiences a manic episode, Bipolar 1 may be diagnosed. It is also possible to experience hypomanic episode, depressive episodes, and periods of feeling neutral.
Manic episode
Manic episodes generally last around one week. They are characterised by someone being extremely happy, or low and irritable. Manic episodes can come with the following changes in behaviour:
- racing thoughts and changing ideas
- easily distracted
- restlessness
- impulsive, generally risky behaviour
- taking on several projects at once
Major depressive episode
A major depressive episode can last for at least two weeks. During this period, a person experiences intense sadness, and will most likely lose interest in activities they would usually enjoy. Symptoms generally include:
- difficulty concentrating
- restlessness
- either increased or decreased sleep
- fatigue
- feelings of worthlessness
- feelings of guilt
- either an increase or a decrease in appetite
Bipolar 2 disorder
Recognising Bipolar 2 can sometimes be challenging as it may be mistaken for recurring depression due to the alternating experience of major depressive episodes and hypomania, a mild form of mania.
Hypomanic episodes typically last around four days, shorter than the manic episodes in Bipolar 1. During a hypomanic episode, symptoms are usually not severe enough to cause significant impairment in daily functioning and are not accompanied by psychotic symptoms.
Substance/medication-induced bipolar disorder
Recent studies have revealed that some people undergoing antidepressant treatment, such as medication or electroconvulsive therapy, may develop manic or hypomanic episodes that persist beyond the effect of the treatment.
Illegal drugs like cocaine or amphetamines can also trigger medication-induced bipolar disorder. Symptoms may include elevated mood that persists even after the substance has cleared the body.
Diagnosing substance and medication-induced bipolar disorder is complex and requires a skilled psychiatrist. If you are experiencing negative reactions while taking medication, it's important to seek help quickly.
How is bipolar disorder managed?
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition. However, symptoms can be managed effectively, and quality of life can be improved significantly. Management generally includes a combination of medication and talking therapy. Bipolar disorder affects everyone differently, so treatment may differ from person to person.
Medication
Medication can be effective at stabilising mood swings and preventing episodes of mania or depression. Doctors may prescribe different medications depending on each person’s unique situation and needs.
Talking therapy
Psychotherapy can help people manage symptoms, identify triggers, and develop coping strategies. Although a range of talking therapies can be effective in treating Bipolar disorder, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the most used approach.
Some other therapies may include:
- interpersonal therapy
- psychoeducation (this can be done individually or in groups)
- behavioural couples therapy
- family-focused therapy
Things you can do to help with bipolar disorder
There are several lifestyle choices you can make to improve your mental well-being and experience with bipolar disorder. Some examples may include:
- Mindfulness: Relaxation techniques, meditation, and avoiding triggers can reduce mood episodes.
- Staying active: Exercise can improve mood and energy levels, which helps to manage symptoms.
- Following routine: Regular sleep, meals, and daily structure can help stabilise mood swings.
- Connecting with others: Support from friends, family, or support groups can make a big difference.
- Limit alcohol and caffeine: Substances can interfere with sleep, and be a huge trigger for mood changes.
- Mood tracking: Keeping a journal or using an app can help you recognise patterns and seek help early.
Looking for support with bipolar disorder?
If you are looking for a Bipolar assessment, find out more on our psychiatric assessments page. If you are looking for treatment, explore our talking therapy services.
Contact us now at 0203 326 9160, or request a call back.
As the UK’s largest private mental health partnership, we're dedicated to supporting children, adults, families, and organisations nationwide. Let's start your journey towards clarity and support today.
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