There isn't a single known cause of autism. However, research suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may contribute to its development.
Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition. ASD affects how people communicate, interact, and experience the world. While autism is often present from birth with noticeable characteristics developing in the first three years of life, the exact reasons why some people are autistic and others are not are still being studied.
This resource will explore these potential causes to give you a clearer understanding of how autism might develop.
Table of contents
- The causes of autism
- Environmental factors
- Genetic factors
- Myths about what causes autism
- How autism presents differently in individuals
- Conditions that often co-occur with autism
- Next steps towards an autism diagnosis
The causes of autism
Autism doesn't have a single cause. Instead, research points to various factors that can contribute to its development. These factors can be broadly divided into two main categories:
- Environmental
- Genetic
Understanding these potential influences can offer insights into why autism develops. It’s important to note that no one factor alone can explain autism in every individual. Autism is different for every person, which means that causes and symptoms will not always be the same.
Environmental factors
While no single environmental factor is known to cause autism, research suggests that several factors might influence the likelihood of developing autism spectrum disorder.
Here are some key environmental aspects:
Maternal health
Maternal health before and during pregnancy can impact a child’s development. Some conditions may be associated with a higher risk of autism. These may include:
Prenatal exposure
Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy has been studied for its potential link to autism. These substances may include alcohol, drugs, or high levels of stress. While research is ongoing, stress was most associated with higher rates of neurodevelopmental conditions.
Parental age and autism risk
Advanced parental age, particularly older maternal and paternal ages, has been linked with a slightly increased risk of autism. This may be due to genetic changes or other factors associated with ageing. Families considering later parenthood should be aware of this potential risk and consult with healthcare providers.
Birth complications and their impact
Complications during birth have been studied for their association with autism. These complications may include:
- premature birth
- low birth weight
- oxygen deprivation
While these factors alone do not cause autism, they can contribute to developmental challenges. Proper prenatal care and monitoring can help manage and mitigate risks.
Genetic factors
Genetics play a significant role in the development of autism. While no single gene causes autism, research indicates that both inherited and spontaneous genetic changes can contribute to its development.
Myths about what causes autism
There are a number of myths about what causes autism. It is important to understand these myths, and share the correct statements:
- Vaccines don't cause autism: Extensive research has found no link between vaccines and autism. Vaccines are safe and crucial for protecting health.
- Autism is not caused by bad parenting: Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition with biological roots, not a result of parenting style or behaviour.
- Autism is not linked to specific foods or diets: There is no scientific evidence that certain foods or diets cause or prevent autism.
- Autism is not always identifiable at birth: Autism signs can vary widely and may not be noticeable until later in childhood.
- Autism is not a rare condition: Autism is relatively common, affecting around 1 in 100 individuals worldwide.
How autism presents differently in individuals
Autism affects people in various ways and to different extents. Understanding these differences helps to appreciate the individuality of each person with autism and fosters a more inclusive environment.
Here are some ways autism can present differently in individuals:
- Varied communication skills
- Differences in social interactions
- Sensory differences
- Circumscribed interests and activities
- Repetitive behavioural patterns
- Insistence on sameness
Conditions that often co-occur with autism
Autism often co-occurs with other conditions. Many individuals with autism may also experience conditions such as anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or sensory processing disorders.
These additional conditions can influence how autism affects their daily life and interactions. For some, challenges like learning disabilities or developmental delays might also be present.
Each person should be approached with understanding and support. Addressing co-occurring conditions can significantly enhance overall well-being and quality of life.
By acknowledging and treating these additional conditions, we can help autistic individuals thrive and lead fulfilling lives.
Next steps towards an autism diagnosis
If you are looking for support with autism or are interested in assessment for yourself or a loved one, you can contact us on 0203 326 9160 or request a free confidential call back from one of our trained assistant psychologists to discuss how we might be able to help.
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